colonna_thebook

BONE CHINA

Around the end of the 18th century, an Englishman named Josiah Spode developed a new formula for china that incorporated the use of calcined bone ash. Considered by most to be the finest of porcelain products, bone china is stronger and more translucent than the basic porcelain and "fine" varieties.

There are five main dry ingredients that go into the final mix: Bone ash, China clay, Ball clay, Flint, Feldspar

Usually there are two colors of bone china. The sale of white china products comprises about 80 percent of its total sales; ivory-colored china makes up the remaining 20 percent.

Although certain additives or pigments are necessary to get the ivory color in the finished product, in the slurry state, both clays appear to be slightly gray. To differentiate the final mix for the ivory from that of the white, green vegetable dye is added to the ivory mix.

The vegetable dye will eventually burn out in the kiln. If the dye isn't added, there's no way to distinguish one clay from the other. It also helps to avoid getting the two clays mixed together.

CHAPTER I

BLOOD

Is composed of a liquid called blood plasma and blood cells suspended within the plasma. The blood cells present in blood are red blood cells (also called RBCs or erythrocytes), white blood cells (including both leukocytes and lymphocytes) and platelets (also called thrombocytes). Plasma is predominantly water containing dissolved proteins, salts and many other substances. Plasma makes up about 55% of blood by volume.

Animal blood is usually used for the production of organic fertilizers because of the high percentage of ferrum that it contains..

NERVES AND INNER ORGANS

All the INNER organs not used for alimentation are triturated for THE

production OF fertilizers.

Fat is also A COMPONENT IN THE PRODUCTION OF glue and cosmetics.

BONES

The primary tissue of bone, osseous tissue, is a relatively hard and lightweight composite material, formed mostly of

calcium phosphate in the chemical arrangement termed calcium hydroxylapatite (this is the osseous tissue that gives bones their rigidity).

It has relatively high compressive strength but poor tensile strength, meaning it resists pushing forces well, but not pulling forces.

While bone is essentially brittle, it does have a significant degree of elasticity contributed chiefly by collagen. All bones consist of living cells embedded in the mineralised organic matrix that makes up the osseous tissue.

Animal bones are used for

fertilizrs production,

alimentar supplement, and in a high percentage

for the production of a fine porcelain.

HORSEHAIR

There are various elements found in the horsehair and they are used to make amino acids, keratin, melanin, and protein. The keratin found in hair is called "hard" keratin.

This type of keratin does not dissolve in water and is quite resilient. Keratin is an important, insoluble protein and it is made from eighteen amino acids. The most

abundant of these amino acids is cystine which gives hair much of its strength. Horsehair are used for production of organic fabric, stuffing in cushions, instruments measuring umidity, belts, whips and bows in the violin family. Horsehair were used also for give strenth to plaster in old houses.

SKIN

Animal skin is generally used for leather.

primarily cattlehide,

The tanning process converts the putrescible skin into a durable, long-lasting and versatile natural material for various uses.

Together with wood, leather formed the basis of much ancient technology.

In the leather industry the raw materials are by-products of the meat industry, with the meat having higher value than the skin. Taxidermy also makes use of the skin of animals, but generally the head and part of the back are used.

Hides and skins are also used in the manufacture of glue and gelatin.

HORSE HAIR

An average horse produce about a kilo of tail hair in a lifetime.

The hair is collected after the horse is processed, for meat, skin, hoofs, etc.

They are hand drawn after cleaning and sanitizing,

Sorted by length, colour and nationality.

Every year the 70% of the production of cereals, soy and bean

are used for feed animals.

TO FEED an animal during it’s lifetime, 600m2 of trees are cutted down.

This produce 750kg of green houses gas.

A horse eat 400 kg of vegetation in a month.

1 kg of horse meat "Drink" 3200 lt of water.

Every year breeding animals consumes 5 T of antibiotics.

WORDS | THE BOOK

THE RESEARCH | THE SHAPE | THE COMPONENTS